Abstract The development of forensic anthropology in Mexico, intimately related to the context of exacerbated violence, is exposed in different regions of our country from the 1960s to the present day. With a special emphasis on two wars, in which the Mexican State itself directed its forces against its own population. We speak about “dirty war” and the “war against drugs” as two episodes that favored crimes against humanity such as forced disappearance and disappearance by private individuals; these occurred in times that establish an intrinsic relationship with the development and application of forensic anthropology in matters of national security.

Resumen El desarrollo de la antropología forense en México se encuentra relacionada íntimamente con el contexto de violencia exacerbada, manifiesta en distintas regiones de nuestro país desde la década de los años sesenta del siglo XX hasta la actualidad. Con un especial énfasis en dos guerras, donde el propio Estado mexicano dirigió sus huestes contra su propia población, en este sentido, hablamos de la “guerra sucia” y de la “guerra contra el narco” como dos episodios que favorecieron crímenes de lesa humanidad como lo fue la desaparición forzada y, asimismo, la desaparición por particulares; acaecidas en temporalidades que establecen una relación intrínseca con el desarrollo y aplicación de la antropología forense en cuestiones de seguridad nacional.

Resumen El presente estudio permitió revisar la normativa vigente relacionada con la atención y aplicación de la educación especial dirigida por la Unesco, la cual permite evitar la discriminación, la segregación y las etiquetas como un punto de partida relevante para el derecho que se tiene como individuos. La inclusión social establece los derechos que tienen todas y todos en la recepción y el gozo de una educación con una calidad suficiente que propicie el máximo desarrollo de las potencialidades de la formación educativa especial en México. Sin embargo, los maestros de educación incluyente que colaboran con estudiantes con alguna discapacidad física, auditiva o mental algunas veces no cuentan con los recursos mínimos para desarrollar sus actividades laborales. Por eso, el objetivo principal de esta investigación fue analizar el grado de satisfacción y los factores emocionales de los maestros con algún tipo de discapacidad que presentan en su rol a favor de la instrucción especial en México. Para ello, en primer lugar, se desarrolló un trabajo exploratorio para acercarse al tema estudiado; luego se analizó el grado de satisfacción de los 251 maestros con alguna discapacidad que participaron. Los resultados demuestran la falta de compresión de las autoridades escolares y la importancia de tener experiencia amplia frente a grupo. Por eso, se concluye que las principales causas que han limitado el desempeño de los docentes son las condiciones laborales y el aislamiento.

Abstract The study made it possible to review the current regulations related to the attention and application of special education directed by UNESCO, which allows avoiding discrimination, segregation and labels as a starting point relevant to the right that one has as individuals. Social inclusion establishes the rights that everyone has in receiving and enjoying an education with a sufficient quality that promotes the maximum development of the potential of special educational training in Mexico. Inclusive education teachers who collaborate with students with a physical, hearing or mental disability, even with various limitations in their environment, sometimes do not have the essential conditions to develop their work activities, so the main objective of this research is to analyze the degree satisfaction and emotional factors of teachers with some type of disability that they present in their role in favor of special instruction in Mexico. This research is exploratory in the first instance because it allows increasing familiarity with the subject giving way to the descriptive one that allowed analyzing the degree of satisfaction of the 251 teachers with a disability who participated in the study. The results that were obtained argue the factors of importance such as the lack of understanding on the part of the school authorities and the importance of having sufficient experience in front of a group, for which it is concluded that the main causes that have limited the performance of the teachers are working conditions as well as isolation.

Resumo O presente estudo permitiu-nos rever a regulamentação vigente relativa ao cuidado e aplicação da educação especial dirigida pela UNESCO, o que nos permite evitar a discriminação, a segregação e os rótulos como ponto de partida relevante para o direito que temos como indivíduos. A inclusão social estabelece os direitos que todos têm de receber e desfrutar de uma educação de qualidade suficiente que promova o máximo desenvolvimento do potencial da formação educacional especial no México. No entanto, os professores de educação inclusiva que colaboram com alunos com deficiência física, auditiva ou mental, por vezes, não dispõem dos recursos mínimos para desenvolver as suas atividades laborais. Portanto, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi analisar o grau de satisfação e os fatores emocionais dos professores com algum tipo de deficiência que apresentam em sua função em favor da instrução especial no México. Para isso, primeiramente, foi desenvolvido um trabalho exploratório para abordagem do tema estudado; Em seguida, foi analisado o grau de satisfação dos 251 professores com alguma deficiência participantes. Os resultados demonstram a falta de compreensão das autoridades escolares e a importância de se ter ampla experiência com o grupo. Portanto, conclui-se que as principais causas que têm limitado a atuação dos professores são as condições de trabalho e o isolamento.

Abstract "In this article, we delve into the rapid transformation of journalism in the digital age, shedding light on the challenges of misinformation and fake news in today's society. The primary objective of this research is to explore how creative communication can contribute to identifying altered viral content by linking it with blockchain technology. To achieve this, a methodology was employed, including a literature review encompassing key topics such as digital journalism, misinformation, blockchain, and creative communication. Additionally, a project known as NeoCápsula was introduced, which utilizes blockchain to verify altered content and provide traceability in the authorship of digital images. The findings of this study indicate that blockchain can be a valuable tool in combating misinformation in digital journalism. The fusion of blockchain technology with creativity allows for more reliable information verification and simplifies the identification of altered content. The NeoCápsula project represents a step towards establishing more transparent and reliable journalistic practices in the digital realm and in public administration. In conclusion, this research offers an innovative perspective for addressing current challenges in journalism by underscoring the potential of blockchain and creative communication in the fight against misinformation. As a suggestion, further exploration and development of similar projects are encouraged to bolster trust in online information and promote integrity in digital journalism, which is essential for informed decision-making in contemporary society and public governance."

Resumen En este artículo se aborda la acelerada transformación del periodismo en la era digital, destacando los desafíos de la desinformación y las noticias falsas en la sociedad actual. El objetivo principal de la investigación es explorar cómo la comunicación creativa puede contribuir a identificar contenidos virales alterados al vincularlos con la tecnología blockchain. Para lograrlo, se empleó una metodología que incluyó una revisión documental sobre temas clave como periodismo digital, desinformación, blockchain y comunicación creativa. Además, se presentó un proyecto llamado NeoCápsula, que utiliza el blockchain para verificar contenidos alterados y proporcionar trazabilidad en la autoría de imágenes digitales. Los resultados de esta investigación indican que el blockchain puede ser una herramienta valiosa para combatir la desinformación en el periodismo digital. La combinación de tecnología blockchain con la creatividad permite una verificación más confiable de la información y facilita la identificación de contenidos alterados. El proyecto NeoCápsula representa un paso hacia la construcción de prácticas periodísticas más transparentes y confiables en el entorno digital y la gestión pública. En conclusión, este estudio ofrece una perspectiva innovadora para abordar los retos actuales en el periodismo, al destacar el potencial del blockchain y la comunicación creativa en la lucha contra la desinformación. Como sugerencia, se anima a seguir explorando y desarrollando proyectos similares que fortalezcan la confianza en la información en línea y promuevan la integridad en el periodismo digital, lo que es esencial para la toma de decisiones informadas en la sociedad actual y en las administraciones públicas.

Resumen Trabajos recientes muestran que en las estructuras existe una relación entre el período natural de vibración y los efectos globales de segundo orden. Esta relación se da porque ambas dependen de la matriz de rigidez y de la matriz de masa de la estructura. Este trabajo propone un método geométrico no lineal - modal P-delta - que aprovecha una relación entre parámetros dinámicos y efectos no lineales. La metodología establece una asociación entre los modos de inestabilidad de pandeo y los modos de vibración estructural. Se propone una interpolación de los modos de vibración sin carga axial y modos de vibración con carga axial crítica para aproximar los modos y frecuencias de vibración de la estructura cargada. De esta manera, a través de una formulación simple, los modos de vibración y las frecuencias naturales de la estructura cargada pueden usarse para evaluar los desplazamientos de las estructuras incluyendo los efectos no lineales. Se simularon varios ejemplos numéricos en estructuras regulares tales como una columna libre-empotrada y un marco plano con dos configuraciones diferentes de carga. Los resultados generados con el método modal P-delta proporcionan información sobre el comportamiento no lineal de la trayectoria de equilibrio previa al pandeo. Estos resultados difieren de los hallazgos en la literatura, donde la relación entre los parámetros dinámicos y los efectos no lineales se utiliza como un indicador simple o factores de amplificación para determinar los efectos no lineales. Además, nuestros resultados indican que el P-delta modal reduce el tiempo computacional empleado considerablemente en comparación con el método iterativo P-delta tradicional.

Abstract Recent works show that in structures, there is a relationship between the natural period of vibration and global second-order effects. This relationship occurs because both depend on the stiffness matrix and the mass matrix of the structure. In this work, a non-linear geometric method - modal P-delta – is proposed that takes advantage of the relationship between the dynamic parameters and the non-linear effects. The methodology establishes an association between the buckling instability modes and the structural vibration modes. An interpolation of the vibration modes without axial loading and vibration modes with critical axial loading is proposed to approximate the vibration modes and frequencies of the loaded structure. In this way, through a simple formulation, the vibration modes and the natural frequencies of the loaded structure can be used to evaluate the displacements of the structures including the non-linear effects. Several numerical examples were simulated in regular structures in the plane, such as a free-fixed column and a plane frame with two different loading configurations. The results generated with the modal P-delta method provide information about the nonlinear behavior of the pre-buckling equilibrium path. These results are different from the findings in the literature, where the relationship between dynamic parameters and non-linear effects is used as a simple indicator or amplification factors to determine non-linear effects. Furthermore, our results indicate that the modal P-delta reduces the computational time spent considerably compared to the traditional P-delta iterative method.

RESUMO Objetivo. Avaliar os fatores ocupacionais associados à ocorrência de COVID-19 em profissionais de saúde expostos a diferentes níveis de risco utilizando a política de gestão de crises elaborada pelas Nações Unidas para a COVID-19. Métodos. Pesquisa transversal realizada entre abril e maio de 2021. O grupo de risco baixo (GRB) consistia em profissionais que tinham contato mínimo com os pacientes; o grupo de risco médio (GRM) incluía profissionais que tinham contato com pacientes sem COVID-19 e não realizavam intervenções instrumentais nas vias aéreas; e grupo de risco alto (GRA), profissionais que cuidavam de pacientes com COVID-19 e realizavam intervenções instrumentais com geração de aerossóis. Para estabelecer o desfecho, considerou-se a história de COVID-19 do profissional de saúde e a detecção de anticorpos IgG anti- SARS-CoV-2 por Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2. Resultados. A doença foi diagnosticada em 43,8% dos profissionais no GRB, 46,7% no GRM (razão de chances ajustada: 1,125; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 0,896-1,414; p = 0,311) e 48,6% no GRA (razão de chances: 1,214; IC95%: 0,964-1,530; p = 0,10). Conclusões. Pertencer ao GRM e ao GRA em função do nível de exposição a pacientes confirmados com COVID-19 no ambiente de trabalho não foi associado a um aumento da ocorrência da doença ou da soroconversão.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar los factores laborales asociados con la ocurrencia de COVID-19 en el personal de salud expuesto a distinta magnitud de riesgo con el uso de la política de gestión de crisis de las Naciones Unidas para COVID-19. Métodos. Encuesta transversal realizada entre abril y mayo del 2021. Se consideraron como grupo de riesgo bajo (GRB) quienes tenían contacto mínimo con pacientes; de riesgo medio (GRM) a quienes tenían contacto con pacientes no-COVID-19 y no realizaban intervención instrumental de vías respiratorias; y de riesgo alto (GRA) a quienes atendían pacientes COVID-19 y realizaban intervención instrumental con generación de aerosoles. Se consideró como desenlace el antecedente de enfermedad diagnosticada de COVID-19 y la presencia de anticuerpos IgG positivos contra el SARS-CoV-2 medida con Elecsys® anti-SARS-CoV-2. Resultados. Desenlace en 43,8% en el GRB; 46,7% en el GRM (razón de momios [RM]: 1,125; intervalo de confianza de 95% [IC95%]: 0,896-1,414; p = 0,311); y 48,6% en el GRA (RM: 1,214; IC95%: 0,964-1,530; p = 0,10). Conclusión. Pertenecer al GRM y al GRA por el grado de exposición a pacientes confirmados de COVID-19 en el área de trabajo no se asoció con mayor ocurrencia de enfermedad o de seroconversión.

ABSTRACT Objective. To assess the occupational factors associated with the occurrence of COVID-19 in health personnel who were exposed to different magnitudes of risk and who followed the United Nations crisis management policy for COVID-19. Methods. Cross-sectional survey conducted between April and May 2021. The low-risk group (LRG) were considered to be those who had minimal contact with patients; the medium-risk group (MRG) had contact with non-COVID-19 patients and did not perform instrumental airway intervention; and the high-risk group (HRG) were those who cared for COVID-19 patients and performed instrumental intervention with aerosol generation. Diagnosed COVID-19 disease and the presence of positive IgG antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 measured with Elecsys® anti-SARS-CoV-2 were considered as outcomes. Results. Outcome recorded in 43.8% of the LRG, versus 46.7% in the MRG (odds ratio [OR]: 1.125; 95% confidence interval [CI 95% ]: 0.896–1.414; p = 0.311), and 48.6% in the HRG (OR: 1,214; CI 95%: 0.964–1.530; p= 0.10). Conclusion. Belonging to the high-risk group and the medium-risk group, based on the degree of exposure to confirmed COVID-19 patients in the work area, was not associated with a higher occurrence of disease or seroconversion.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o impacto da COVID-19 na mortalidade das pessoas privadas de liberdade (PPL) no estado do Rio de Janeiro e comparar as taxas observadas com as da população geral. Estudo quantitativo, retrospectivo, que associa análise de série histórica 2016-2021 de taxa anual de mortalidade, seccional, comparando 2016-2017 vs. 2020-2021 e análise de dados individuais obtidos a partir de fontes primárias e secundárias de informação. A razão de mortalidade padronizada entre PPL e população geral foi estimada para os grupos de causa. Série histórica mostrou queda anual (13%) da mortalidade de 2016 a 2019, tendência que se inverteu em 2020 devido à COVID-19, responsável por 20% do total de mortes. Das PPL que morreram por COVID-19, 54,8% eram idosas e/ou portadoras de comorbidade. A mortalidade por COVID-19 foi semelhante entre a PPL e a população geral, mas a mortalidade por tuberculose e HIV permaneceu muito mais elevada entre as PPL. A pandemia foi provavelmente determinante para a reversão da tendência de queda na mortalidade observada entre 2016 e 2019. A utilização da mortalidade como indicador de saúde e direitos humanos nas prisões por órgãos de saúde, justiça e organizações da sociedade civil implica o aprimoramento da informação sobre PPL no SIM.

Abstract Purpose: to assess the impact of COVID-19 on the mortality of people deprived of their liberty (PDL) in the state of Rio de Janeiro and compare the rates observed with those of the general population. Method: quantitative, retrospective study combining the analysis of the 2016-2021 time series of annual mortality rates, cross-sectional study comparing 2016-2017 vs. 2020-2021 and analysis of individual data obtained from primary and secondary sources of information. The standardized mortality ratio between PDL and the general population was estimated for the cause of death categories. Results: historical series showed an annual drop (13%) in mortality from 2016 to 2019, a trend that was inverted in 2020 due to COVID-19, which was responsible for 20% of all deaths. Of the COVID-19 deaths, 54.8% were elderly and/or had co-morbidities. Mortality from COVID-19 was similar between PDL and the general population, but mortality from tuberculosis and HIV remained much higher among PDL. Conclusion: the pandemic was probably a determinant of the downward trend reversal in mortality between 2016 and 2019. Using mortality as an indicator of health and human rights in prisons by health, justice and civil society organizations implies the improvement of information about PDL in the SIM.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess how ‘IAC 572’, ‘IAC 766’, and ‘Paulsen 1103’ rootstocks affected the duration of phenological phases, thermal demand, and chemical evolution throughout production cycle of the ‘BRS Vitória’ table grape cultivated in subtropical conditions. The duration of the following phenological stages was measured in days after pruning throughout two production seasons: budburst, flowering, setting, veraison, and harvest date. The thermal demand was determined using the degree-day concept. Titratable acidity, pH, soluble solids, and the maturation index were all measured throughout berry maturation. In general, the rootstocks ‘IAC 572’ and ‘IAC 766’ increased vine precocity in comparison to ‘Paulsen 1103’ during the early phenological phases. However, the vines grafted on ‘Paulsen 1103’ were earlier in the later phases, that is, at the veraison and at the harvest date, when compared to those grafted on the rootstocks ‘IAC 572’ and ‘IAC 766’. Under subtropical conditions, the total cycle period of the ‘BRS Vitória’ vine varied from 131 to 143 days, with thermal demands ranging from 1,545 to 1,725 DD. In comparison to the ‘IAC 572’ and the ‘IAC 766’, the ‘Paulsen 1103’ supplied the berries with a higher accumulation of soluble solids and a higher maturation index.

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito dos porta-enxertos ‘IAC 572’, ‘IAC 766’ e ‘Paulsen 1103’ quanto à duração dos estádios fenológicos, à demanda térmica e à evolução química ao longo do ciclo de produção da uva ‘BRS Vitória’, cultivada em condições subtropicais. Durante dois ciclos de produção, foi quantificado, em dias após a poda, a duração das fases fenológicas: brotação, pleno florescimento, frutificação, início da maturação e data de colheita. A demanda térmica total foi calculdada utilizando-se do conceito de graus-dias. Durante a maturação das bagas, foram avaliados o pH, a acidez titulável, os teores de sólidos solúveis e o índice de maturação. De maneira geral, nos estádios fenológicos iniciais, os porta-enxertos ‘IAC 572’ e ‘IAC 766’ promoveram precocidade às videiras em relação ao ‘Paulsen 1103’. Contudo, nas fases finais, ou seja, no ínicio da maturação e na colheita, as videiras enxertadas sobre o ‘Paulsen 1103’ foram mais precoces quando comparadas às cultivadas sobre os porta-enxertos ‘IAC 572’ e ‘IAC 766’. A duração completa do ciclo da videira ‘BRS Vitória’, em condições subtropicais, variou de 131 a 143 dias, com demandas térmicas variando de 1.545 a 1.725 GD. O ‘Paulsen 1103’ propiciou às bagas maior acúmulo de sólidos solúveis e maior índice de maturação em relação ao ‘IAC 572’ e ao ‘IAC 766’.

ABSTRACT The widely distributed species, Stenochrus portoricensis Chamberlin, 1922, is recorded for the first time from Costa Rica and Venezuela, and new occurrences from Brazil and Colombia are presented. Morphology of spermathecae from 14 localities is compared and illustrated. The need for studies to evaluate the potential status as an invasive species of S. portoricensis is commented on and a distribution map of the species in southern Central America and South America is given.

RESUMEN La especie exótica Stenochrus portoricensis Chamberlin, 1922 (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae): disminución del déficit de Wallace en el Nuevo Mundo. La especie de amplia distribución Stenochrus portoricensis Chamberlin, 1922 se registra por primera vez en Costa Rica y Venezuela, y se presentan nuevas ocurrencias en Brasil y Colombia. Se compara e ilustra la morfología de las espermatecas de especímenes provenientes de 14 localidades. Se comenta la necesidad de realizar estudios para evaluar el estatus potencial de S. portoricensis como especie invasora y se presenta un mapa de distribución de la especie en el sur de Centroamérica y Sudamérica.

ABSTRACT In Cuba, newborn screening (NBS) for cystic fibrosis (CF) was introduced in January 2019. The results from the first three years of the CF NBS program are presented. An IRT/IRT protocol was followed using a cut-off value of 50 ng/mL. In this period 281,717 neonates were screened, 2,197 samples had increased IRT values, and a second sample was necessary (recall rate=0.78%). In 686 (0.24%) neonates, IRT was still elevated, and they were referred for clinical evaluation. Twenty-one children were confirmed by sweat test and molecular biology. Eighteen newborns presented variant F508del. A false negative case was reported. Demographic data of 32,764 neonates were collected. The average age of sampling was six days with results available at 11 days of life, but 1.7% of the samples were collected 20 days after birth. The mean IRT value was 12.7±11.7 ng/mL (ranging 0-283 ng/mL) with a calculated 98.5 percentile value of 42.4 ng/mL. On average, the samples were processed five days after collection and two days after they were received at the laboratory. Although CF NBS program in Cuba is just beginning, it can be predicted that CF will be one of the most frequent inherited-metabolic diseases in the Cuban population.

Abstract Purpose: to assess the impact of COVID-19 on the mortality of people deprived of their liberty (PDL) in the state of Rio de Janeiro and compare the rates observed with those of the general population. Method: quantitative, retrospective study combining the analysis of the 2016-2021 time series of annual mortality rates, cross-sectional study comparing 2016-2017 vs. 2020-2021 and analysis of individual data obtained from primary and secondary sources of information. The standardized mortality ratio between PDL and the general population was estimated for the cause of death categories. Results: historical series showed an annual drop (13%) in mortality from 2016 to 2019, a trend that was inverted in 2020 due to COVID-19, which was responsible for 20% of all deaths. Of the COVID-19 deaths, 54.8% were elderly and/or had co-morbidities. Mortality from COVID-19 was similar between PDL and the general population, but mortality from tuberculosis and HIV remained much higher among PDL. Conclusion: the pandemic was probably a determinant of the downward trend reversal in mortality between 2016 and 2019. Using mortality as an indicator of health and human rights in prisons by health, justice and civil society organizations implies the improvement of information about PDL in the SIM.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o impacto da COVID-19 na mortalidade das pessoas privadas de liberdade (PPL) no estado do Rio de Janeiro e comparar as taxas observadas com as da população geral. Estudo quantitativo, retrospectivo, que associa análise de série histórica 2016-2021 de taxa anual de mortalidade, seccional, comparando 2016-2017 vs. 2020-2021 e análise de dados individuais obtidos a partir de fontes primárias e secundárias de informação. A razão de mortalidade padronizada entre PPL e população geral foi estimada para os grupos de causa. Série histórica mostrou queda anual (13%) da mortalidade de 2016 a 2019, tendência que se inverteu em 2020 devido à COVID-19, responsável por 20% do total de mortes. Das PPL que morreram por COVID-19, 54,8% eram idosas e/ou portadoras de comorbidade. A mortalidade por COVID-19 foi semelhante entre a PPL e a população geral, mas a mortalidade por tuberculose e HIV permaneceu muito mais elevada entre as PPL. A pandemia foi provavelmente determinante para a reversão da tendência de queda na mortalidade observada entre 2016 e 2019. A utilização da mortalidade como indicador de saúde e direitos humanos nas prisões por órgãos de saúde, justiça e organizações da sociedade civil implica o aprimoramento da informação sobre PPL no SIM.

ABSTRACT Sentiment analysis or opinion mining is a branch of computing that allows analyzing opinions, feelings and emotions in certain areas of social interest such as products, services, organizations, companies, events and topics of current interest. In this sense, the objective of this paper was to identify the feelings and topics present in the tweets mentioning the Cuban vaccines Soberana 02 and Abdala on Twitter social network. The programming languages Python and R with their specific libraries for data science were chosen. The first part of the study, which ranged from web scraping to the quantification of the most used words, was carried out with Python and the libraries tweepy, pandas, re, nltk and matplotlib. While the second, which was the sentiment analysis and topic detection, was implemented with R and used tokenizers, tm, syuzhet, topic modeling, tidyverse, barplot, and wordcloud. It was obtained that among the terms with which there is more dialogue on Twitter are doses, vaccines, efficacy, Cubans, candidates, millions, country, people, received and population. In the tweets, the predominant emotions were fear and confidence, slightly above it; in the polarity, the positive one predominated, as an expression of the lived context in which the vaccination campaign was developed. A consensus can be perceived around the vaccines Soberana 02 and Abdala, from the identified topics and the terms that were related to the predominant emotions, as well as the polarity.

RESUMEN El análisis de sentimientos o minería de opiniones es una rama de la computación que permite analizar opiniones, sentimientos y emociones en ciertas áreas de interés social como productos, servicios, organizaciones, compañías, eventos y temas de interés actual. En tal sentido se propuso identificar los sentimientos y tópicos presentes en los tweets que hicieron mención a las vacunas cubanas Soberana 02 y Abdala en la red social Twitter. Se optó por los lenguajes de programación Python y R con sus librerías específicas para la ciencia de datos. La primera parte del estudio, que abarcó desde el web scraping hasta la cuantificación de las palabras más usadas, se realizó con Python y las siguientes librerías: tweepy, pandas, re, nltk y matplotlib. Mientras que la segunda, que fue la del análisis de sentimientos y detección de tópicos, se implementó con R y se utilizó: tokenizers, tm, syuzhet, topic modeling, tidyverse, barplot y wordcloud. Se obtuvo que entre los términos con que más se dialoga en Twitter están dosis, vacunas, eficacia, cubanos, candidatos, millones, país, personas, recibido y población. En los tweets las emociones predominantes fueron el miedo y, ligeramente por encima, la confianza; en la polaridad predominó la positiva, como expresión del contexto vivido en el cual se desarrolló la campaña de vacunación. A partir de los tópicos identificados y los términos que se relacionaron con las emociones predominantes, así como por la polaridad, se aprecia consenso en torno a las vacunas Soberana 02 y Abdala.

Resumen El arroz aeróbico se ha propuesto como una práctica de gestión eficiente para ahorrar agua y mejorar la sostenibilidad del arroz como cultivo. Sin embargo, esta técnica influye significativamente en las propiedades del suelo y, por lo tanto, pueden modificar el comportamiento de los pesticidas. El Bispyribac-sodium (BYS) es un herbicida post-emergente que se usa con frecuencia en los agroecosistemas del arroz, pero que se considera muy tóxico para los organismos acuáticos y peligroso para el medio ambiente. Este trabajo persigue evaluar los efectos de la transición del sistema de riego por inundación al riego por aspersión en persistencia y movilidad en campo del BYS. Además, otra variable que se evaluó fue la aplicación de enmiendas orgánicas. La enmienda usada fue compost de alperujo subproducto agroindustrial (alperujo) del procesado de aceitunas (almazara). Para este propósito se realizaron experimentos de campo, implicando a seis tratamientos: Sin laboreo y riego por aspersión (SD) y el equivalente con aplicación de alperujo (SDC). Laboreo convencional y riego por aspersión (LC) y el equivalente con aplicación del alperujo (LCC) y laboreo convencional con inundación (LCI) y con incorporación de alperujo (LCIC). Las técnicas tradicionales en el cultivo del arroz (Laboreo convencional + inundación) benefician la movilidad en campo del herbicida BYS suponiendo un inconveniente para las aguas subterráneas frente a los suelos irrigados por aspersión. Además, el uso de alperujo podría considerarse como una estrategia para reducir contaminación de las aguas por BYS e incrementar su persistencia en las capas más superficiales del suelo, especialmente en sistemas de arroz aeróbico.

Abstract Aerobic rice has been proposed as an efficient management practice to save water and improve rice crop sustainability. However, this technique significantly influences the soil properties and, therefore, can modify the pesticides behavior. Bispyribac-sodium (BYS) is a post-emergence herbicide frequently used in rice agroecosystems but is considered highly toxic to aquatic organisms and dangerous to the environment. This work aims to evaluate the transition from flood irrigation to sprinkler irrigation effects on the persistence and field mobility of BYS. In addition, another variable evaluated was the application of organic amendments. The amendment used was olive pomace compost, an agro-industrial by-product (alperujo) of olive oil processing (almazara). For this purpose, field experiments were carried out, involving six different treatments: Without tillage and sprinkler irrigation (SD) and the equivalent with compost application (SDC). Conventional tillage and sprinkler irrigation (LC) and the equivalent with compost application (LCC) and conventional tillage with flooding (LCI) and with the compost incorporation (LCIC). Traditional techniques in rice cultivation (conventional tillage + flooding) benefit the mobility of the BYS herbicide in the field, assuming a disadvantage for groundwater quality when compared to soils irrigated by sprinklers. In addition, compost application could be considered a strategy to reduce water contamination by BYS and increase its persistence in the most superficial soil layers, especially in aerobic rice systems.

Resumen El cultivo tradicional de arroz (laboreo e inundación) es una de las fuentes antropogénicas más importantes en la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), especialmente CH4 y N2O. Por tanto, es necesario desarrollar nuevas técnicas de manejo que puedan mitigar esta problemática. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de los diferentes manejos en condiciones aeróbicas; laboreo (L) y su homólogo con compost (LC), no laboreo (NL) y su homólogo con compost (NLC), sobre el balance de CO2. Para ello, se realizó un experimento de campo con tres años de duración (2015-2017), donde se midieron, a lo largo del ciclo del cultivo, las emisiones de los GEI y los niveles de COT presente en los suelos. El potencial de calentamiento global (GWP) fue 1.19 veces superior en L con relación a NL. De manera que el balance neto entre emisiones y fijaciones en LC fue de 8.96 Mg de CO2 ha-1, siendo en L, NLC y NL de -7.37, -6.74 y -15.5 Mg de CO2 ha-1, respectivamente. Por tanto, la implantación de NL pueden ser una estrategia eficiente para contribuir a reducir el GWP y mejorar los balances netos de CO2 en el cultivo de arroz.

Abstract Traditional rice cultivation (tillage and flooding) is one of the most important anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially CH4 and N2O. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new management techniques that can mitigate this problem. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of the different handlings in aerobic conditions; tillage (T) and its counterpart with compost (TC), non-tillage (NT) and its counterpart with compost (NTC), exert on the CO2 balance. To do this, a three-year field experiment (2015-2017) was carried out, where GHG emissions and TOC levels present in soils were measured throughout the crop cycle. The global warming potential (GWP) was 1.19 times higher in T compared to NT. So that the net balance between emissions and fixations in TC was 8.96 Mg of CO2 ha-1, being in T, NTC and NT -7.37, -6.74 and -15.5 Mg of CO2 ha-1, respectively. Therefore, the implementation of NT can be an efficient strategy to help reduce the GWP and improve the net balance of CO2 in rice crop.

Abstract Jagua (Genipa americana L.) is widely distributed throughout the Americas. It has been used since ancient times due to the pigments extracted from its fruit. This study aimed to evaluate the vegetative growth of five Jagua accessions by adjusting non-linear models to dasometric growth variables. The accessions (Porce, Chigorodó, San Carlos, San Luis, and Vigía del Fuerte in Antioquia) were collected in the central-western region of Colombia. The growth, determined through plant height and stem diameter (at 0.10 and 1.30 m), was evaluated for 262 weeks in the municipality of Amalfi. A descriptive analysis of the growth behavior of each accession was performed, and the fit of four nonlinear functional models was evaluated. An influence of the accession factor on growth was found due the different growth rates. The Weibull model was the one with the best fit and predictive capacity, which confirmed the differences between accessions.

Resumen La Jagua (Genipa americana L.) se encuentra ampliamente distribuida en las Américas. Se ha utilizado desde tiempos ancestrales por la calidad del pigmento extraído de su fruto. Este estudio pretendió evaluar el crecimiento vegetativo de cinco accesiones de Jagua mediante el ajuste de modelos no lineales a variables dasométricas de crecimiento. Las accesiones (Porce, Chigorodó, San Carlos, San Luis y Vigía del Fuerte en Antioquia) fueron recolectadas en la región centro-occidental de Colombia. El crecimiento, determinado a través de la altura total y diámetro estimado a 0.10 y 1.30 m del suelo, fue evaluado durante 262 semanas en el municipio de Amalfi. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo del comportamiento del crecimiento de cada accesión y se evaluó el ajuste de cuatro modelos funcionales no lineales. Se constató una influencia del factor de adhesión sobre el crecimiento como consecuencia de las diferentes tasas de crecimiento. El modelo de Weibull fue el de mejor ajuste y capacidad predictiva, lo cual confirmó las diferencias entre accesiones.

Resumen El presente artículo analiza los usos y discursos de la fiesta, principalmente la cívica o patria, durante el huertismo (1913-1914). Se revisa el calendario festivo presente en el gobierno de Victoria Huerta y la utilidad que, en general, tuvo la fiesta (cívica y privada) en este periodo. Se plantea que la fiesta fue portavoz del militarismo con el cual se identificó el gobierno en turno, sirvió para asociar al régimen huertista con las causas sociales y fue un espacio para recordar al Porfiriato. La investigación se apoya en la prensa de la época, centrada en la ciudad de México, para atender un aspecto ignorado por la historiografía especializada en este periodo.

Abstract The present article analyzes the uses and discourses of holidays, mainly national ones, during the huertismo (1913-1914). The civic calendar and the general usefulness of public and private holidays of that time are examined. It is postulated that holidays functioned as spokesmen for the government’s militarism, served to link it with social causes, and they were occasions to bring back the Porfiriato regime to mind. These are little-known aspects by the historiography of the period. The research is based on the press of that time in Mexico City.